Rita Tehan
Information Research Specialist
Cybersecurity vulnerabilities challenge governments, businesses, and
individuals worldwide. Attacks have been initiated by individuals, as well
as countries. Targets have included government networks, military
defenses, companies, or political organizations, depending upon whether
the attacker was seeking military intelligence, conducting diplomatic or
industrial espionage, or intimidating political activists. In addition,
national borders mean little or nothing to cyberattackers, and attributing
an attack to a specific location can be difficult, which also makes a response
problematic.
Congress has been actively involved in cybersecurity issues, holding hearings
every year since 2001. There is no shortage of data on this topic:
government agencies, academic institutions, think tanks, security
consultants, and trade associations have issued hundreds of reports, studies, analyses,
and statistics.
This report provides links to selected authoritative resources related to
cybersecurity issues. This report includes information on:
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“Legislation”
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“Executive Orders and Presidential Directives”
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“Data and Statistics”
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“Cybersecurity Glossaries”
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“CRS Reports by Topic”
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Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports
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White House/Office of Management and Budget reports
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Military/DOD
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Cloud Computing
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Critical Infrastructure
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National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace (NSTIC)
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Cybercrime/Cyberwar
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International
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Education/Training/Workforce
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Research and Development (R&D)
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“Related Resources: Other Websites”
Date of Report: September 20, 2013
Number of Pages: 106
Order Number: R42507
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Heather B. Gonzalez
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
Major provisions of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 are set to
expire in 2013. As such, the 113th Congress will have the opportunity to reconsider this act and its policy contributions.
Those contributions include, among other things, funding authorizations for
certain federal physical sciences and engineering research programs, as
well as selected STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics)
education programs.
To aid Congress in its deliberations over future funding for these policies,
this report tracks historical federal funding associated with the America
COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-358) and its predecessor,
the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69). This report includes two tables
summarizing authorizations and funding status for selected provisions of these
acts over the course of their respective authorization periods.
This report has been updated to reflect FY2013 funding levels contained in P.L.
113-6 (Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013) and
the explanatory statement published in the March 11, 2013, Congressional
Record (starting on page S1287). Where available, this report has also
been updated to reflect FY2013 operational or current plan funding levels
for COMPETES-related accounts. This report will be updated to reflect final,
actual funding for COMPETES-related accounts when that information becomes
available to CRS.
Date of Report: September 20, 2013
Number of Pages: 17
Order Number: R42779
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John F. Sargent Jr.,
Coordinator
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
Congress has received President Obama’s budget
request for FY2014, which includes $142.773 billion for research and
development (R&D), a $1.861 billion (1.3%) increase from the FY2012 actual
funding level of $140.912 billion. The request represents the President’s
R&D priorities; Congress may opt to agree with part or all of the
request, or may express different priorities through the appropriations
process. In particular, Congress will play a central role in determining the
extent to which the federal R&D investment can grow in the context of increased
pressure on discretionary spending and how available funding will be
prioritized and allocated. Low or negative growth in the overall R&D
investment may require movement of resources across disciplines, programs,
or agencies to address priorities.
Funding for R&D is highly concentrated in a few departments. Under
President Obama’s FY2014 budget request, seven federal agencies would
receive 95.3% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of
Defense (47.8%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (22.4%, primarily
for the National Institutes of Health) accounting for more than 70% of all
federal R&D funding.
Among the largest changes proposed in the President’s request, the R&D
budget of the Department of Defense would fall by $4.625 billion (6.3%),
while R&D funding for the Department of Commerce’s National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) would increase by $1.428 billion. The
NIST growth is fueled by increases in funding for its core research
laboratories and by the establishment of the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation
with $1 billion in mandatory funding. The NNMI seeks to promote the development of
manufacturing technologies with broad applications.
President Obama has requested increases in the R&D budgets of NIST, the
National Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy’s Office of
Science that were targeted for doubling over 7 years, from their FY2006
levels, by the America COMPETES Act, and over 10 years by the America
COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010. The FY2014 request breaks with President
Obama’s earlier budgets, which explicitly stated the goal of doubling funding
for these accounts over their FY2006 aggregate level. Instead the Office
of Science and Technology Policy asserts that the FY2014 request
“maintains the President’s commitment to increase funding for research at
these three science agencies.” The President’s FY2014 request sets a pace that
would result in doubling of the FY2006 level over a period of more than 17
years, much longer than authorized by either act.
The President’s FY2014 request continues support for three multi-agency R&D
initiatives in FY2014, proposing $1.704 billion for the National
Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a reduction of $159 million (8.6%) over
FY2012, due primarily to reductions in NNI funding at DOD and NSF; $3.968
billion for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD)
program, an increase of $159 million (4.2%) over FY2012; and $2.652 billion for
the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), an increase of $151
million (6.0%) over FY2012.
In recent years, Congress has used a variety of mechanisms to complete the
annual appropriations process after the start of the fiscal year. This may
affect agencies’ execution of their R&D budgets, including delaying or
canceling some planned R&D and equipment acquisition.
Date of Report: September 12, 2013
Number of Pages: 62
Order Number: R43086
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Lennard G. Kruger
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy
The United States Fire Administration (USFA)—which includes the National
Fire Academy (NFA)—is currently housed within the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The
objective of the USFA is to significantly reduce the nation’s loss of life
from fire, while also achieving a reduction in property loss and non-fatal injury
due to fire.
P.L. 112-74, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, FY2012, provided $44.038
million for USFA in FY2012. The FY2013 budget proposal requested $42.52
million for USFA, a 3.4% reduction from the FY2012 level. Of the requested
total appropriation, $13.327 million would be allocated to the National
Fire Academy.
The Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-6)
funded USFA at $43.942 million. Additionally, the United States Fire
Administration and Training budget account is subject to a 5.0%
sequestration cut, putting the FY2013 level for USFA at $41.726 million. The
FY2014 budget proposal requests $41.306 million for USFA. Of the requested
total appropriation, $12.267 million would be allocated to the National
Fire Academy, $11.205 million to National Fire Programs, and $17.834
million to National Emergency Training Center (NETC) Management,
Operations and Support. H.R. 2217, as passed by the House on June 6, 2013,
would provide $44 million to USFA. On July 18, 2013, the Senate Appropriations
Committee also approved $44 million for USFA for FY2014 (S.Rept. 113-77).
On January 2, 2013, the President signed P.L. 112-239, the FY2013 National
Defense Authorization Act. Title XVIII, Subtitle B is the United States
Fire Administration Reauthorization Act of 2012, which authorizes USFA at
an annual level of $76,490,890 for FY2013 through FY2017.
Concerns in the 113th Congress over the federal budget deficit could impact future funding
levels for the USFA. Debate over the USFA budget has focused on whether
the USFA is receiving an appropriate level of funding to accomplish its
mission, given that appropriations for USFA have consistently been well
below the agency’s authorized level. An ongoing issue is the viability and status
of the USFA and National Fire Academy within the Department of Homeland
Security.
Date of Report: September 10, 2013
Number of Pages: 11
Order Number: RS20071
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